python 快速入门
python简介
Python 是一个高层次的结合了解释性、编译性、互动性和面向对象的脚本语言。
- Python 是一种解释型语言： 这意味着开发过程中没有了编译这个环节。类似于PHP和Perl语言。
- Python 是交互式语言： 这意味着，您可以在一个 Python 提示符 >>> 后直接执行代码。
- Python 是面向对象语言: 这意味着Python支持面向对象的风格或代码封装在对象的编程技术。
python版本
python目前支持两个大的版本Python, 2.7 and 3.5. 令人疑惑的是python的2和3的版本不兼容，因此使用2的版本的代码在3中可能会出现不兼容的现象，目前推荐使用python 3+的版本作为开放和学习。
基本的数据类型
像大多数语言一样，Python具有许多基本类型，包括整数，浮点数，布尔值和字符串。这些数据类型以其他编程语言所熟悉的方式运行。
数值：
整数和浮点数可以像其他语言一样使用：
x = 3
print(type(x)) # Prints "<class 'int'>"
print(x) # Prints "3"
print(x + 1) # Addition; prints "4"
print(x - 1) # Subtraction; prints "2"
print(x * 2) # Multiplication; prints "6"
print(x ** 2) # Exponentiation; prints "9"
x += 1
print(x) # Prints "4"
x *= 2
print(x) # Prints "8"
y = 2.5
print(type(y)) # Prints "<class 'float'>"
print(y, y + 1, y * 2, y ** 2) # Prints "2.5 3.5 5.0 6.25"
python不像其他编程语言，其不支持x++和x—这种操作。
布尔值：
不同于其他编程语言，python使用英文代替(||, &&等):
t = True
f = False
print(type(t)) # Prints "<class 'bool'>"
print(t and f) # Logical AND; prints "False" 与
print(t or f) # Logical OR; prints "True" 或
print(not t) # Logical NOT; prints "False" 非
print(t != f) # Logical XOR; prints "True"
字符串
python对字符串的支持是很强大的:
hello = 'hello' # 单引号
world = "world" # 双引号也可
print(hello) # Prints "hello"
print(len(hello)) # String length; prints "5"
hw = hello + ' ' + world # String concatenation
print(hw) # prints "hello world"
hw12 = '%s %s %d' % (hello, world, 12) # sprintf style string formatting
print(hw12) # prints "hello world 12"
容器
Python包含几种内置的容器类型: lists, dictionaries, sets和tuples.
Lists
列表与数组的Python等效，但可调整大小，并且可以包含不同类型的元素：
xs = [3, 1, 2] # Create a list
print(xs, xs[2]) # Prints "[3, 1, 2] 2"
print(xs[-1]) # Negative indices count from the end of the list; prints "2"
xs[2] = 'foo' # Lists can contain elements of different types
print(xs) # Prints "[3, 1, 'foo']"
xs.append('bar') # Add a new element to the end of the list
print(xs) # Prints "[3, 1, 'foo', 'bar']"
x = xs.pop() # Remove and return the last element of the list
print(x, xs) # Prints "bar [3, 1, 'foo']"
切片: 除了一次访问一个列表元素，Python还提供了简洁的语法来访问子列表。这称为切片
nums = list(range(5)) # range is a built-in function that creates a list of integers
print(nums) # Prints "[0, 1, 2, 3, 4]"
print(nums[2:4]) # Get a slice from index 2 to 4 (exclusive); prints "[2, 3]"
print(nums[2:]) # Get a slice from index 2 to the end; prints "[2, 3, 4]"
print(nums[:2]) # Get a slice from the start to index 2 (exclusive); prints "[0, 1]"
print(nums[:]) # Get a slice of the whole list; prints "[0, 1, 2, 3, 4]"
print(nums[:-1]) # Slice indices can be negative; prints "[0, 1, 2, 3]"
nums[2:4] = [8, 9] # Assign a new sublist to a slice
print(nums) # Prints "[0, 1, 8, 9, 4]"
循环:
animals = ['cat', 'dog', 'monkey']
for animal in animals:
print(animal)
如果要访问循环体内每个元素的索引，请使用内置的枚举函数enumerate：
animals = ['cat', 'dog', 'monkey']
for idx, animal in enumerate(animals):
print('#%d: %s' % (idx + 1, animal))
列表推导式(List comprehensions):
列表推导式可以将循环这种方式表达的更为简洁，如下所示:
# 构建1-10的列表
l1 = [x for x in range(1,11)]
# 可以对迭代的元素进行操作
l2= [x*x for x in range(1,11)]
# for循环后跟if语句
l3 = [i for i in range(1,11) if i % 2 == 0]
# 嵌套列表合成单个列表 [[1,2],[3,4]] -> [1,2,3,4]
l = [[1,2],[3,4]]
l4 = [j for i in l for j in i]
字典
字典是是无序的键值对（key:value）集合，等同于c++中的unordered_map哈希表。同一个字典内的键必须是互不相同的。
其形式为 :键：值
# 创建字典
d = {'cat': 'cute', 'dog': 'furry'}
# 获取key值
print(d['cat']) # Get an entry from a
# 查询key是不是在字典中
print('cat' in d)
# 新增key:value
d['fish'] = 'wet' # Set an entry in a dictionary
print(d['fish']) # Prints "wet"
# 如果没有key，则报错，所以一般不直接进行取值操作
# print(d['monkey']) # KeyError: 'monkey' not a key of d
# 使用get获取key值，如果key不存在，则赋予默认值
print(d.get('monkey', 'N/A'))
# 删除元素
del d['fish']
迭代
迭代字典很简单，和列表差不多:
d = {'person': 2, 'cat': 4, 'spider': 8}
# 注意这种遍历的是key的值
for animal in d: #key
legs = d[animal] #value
print 'A %s has %d legs' % (animal, legs)
# Prints "A person has 2 legs", "A spider has 8 legs", "A cat has 4 legs"
# 如果想直接获得键值对, 使用iteritems:
d = {'person': 2, 'cat': 4, 'spider': 8}
for animal, legs in d.iteritems():
print 'A %s has %d legs' % (animal, legs)
# Prints "A person has 2 legs", "A spider has 8 legs", "A cat has 4 legs"
字典的表达式
nums = [0, 1, 2, 3, 4]
even_num_to_square = {x: x ** 2 for x in nums if x % 2 == 0}
print even_num_to_square # Prints "{0: 0, 2: 4, 4: 16}"
集合
集合，也就是没有顺序的，同时所有的元素都不相同的集合。A set is an unordered collection of distinct elements，用英文更好的表达其含义。集合同样是用花括号创建：
animals = {'cat', 'dog'}
print('cat' in animals) # Check if an element is in a set; prints "True"
print('fish' in animals) # prints "False"
animals.add('fish') # Add an element to a set
print('fish' in animals) # Prints "True"
print(len(animals)) # Number of elements in a set; prints "3"
animals.add('cat') # Adding an element that is already in the set does nothing
print(len(animals)) # Prints "3"
animals.remove('cat') # Remove an element from a set
print(len(animals)) # Prints "2"
集合的循环很列表一致：
animals = {'cat', 'dog', 'fish'}
for idx, animal in enumerate(animals):
print '#%d: %s' % (idx + 1, animal)
# Prints "#1: fish", "#2: dog", "#3: cat"
元组
元组是（不可变的）有序值列表。元组在很多方面类似于列表。最重要的区别之一是，元组可以用作字典中的键和集合的元素，而列表则不能。这是一个简单的示例：
# 使用括号
t = (5, 6) # Create a tuple
print(type(t)) # Prints "<class 'tuple'>"
函数
python函数的定义使用def:
def sign(x):
if x > 0:
return 'positive'
elif x < 0:
return 'negative'
else:
return 'zero'
for x in [-1, 0, 1]:
print(sign(x))
# Prints "negative", "zero", "positive"
类
类的定义很简单，如下所示的基本结构:
class Greeter(object):
# 构造函数
def __init__(self, name):
self.name = name # Create an instance variable
# 方法
def greet(self, loud=False):
if loud:
print('HELLO, %s!' % self.name.upper())
else:
print('Hello, %s' % self.name)
g = Greeter('Fred') # Construct an instance of the Greeter class
g.greet() # Call an instance method; prints "Hello, Fred"
g.greet(loud=True) # Call an instance method; prints "HELLO, FRED!"
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